Referencias: Guía detallada del cáncer de esófago

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2012. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society; 2012.

American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:103–111.

Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Gebski V, et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:659–668.

Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ. Esophageal cancer. New Engl J Med. 2003;349:2241–2252.

Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA, Edwards BK (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2008, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2008/, based on November 2010 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2011.

Kleinberg LR, Brock MV, Jagannath SB, Forastiere AA. Cancer of the esophagus. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS, Niederhuber JE. Kastan MB, McKenna WG, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2008:1399–1429.

Koshy M, Esiashvilli N, Landry JC, et al. Multiple management modalities in esophageal cancer. Oncologist. 2004;9:137–146 and 147–159.

National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query (PDQ). Esophageal Cancer Treatment. 2011. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/esophageal/HealthProfessional on July 5, 2011.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers. V.2.2011. Accessed at www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/esophageal.pdf on July 5, 2011.

Posner MC, Minsky B, Ilson DH. Cancer of the esophagus. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins; 2008:993–1043.

Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2277-2288.

Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Concepts in the prevention of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and proximal stomach. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:334–351.