Exams and Test Descriptions

Mammograms and Other Breast Imaging Procedures

Mammograms are x-ray exams of the breast. They are most often used to screen for breast cancer in women who have no symptoms, but they can also be used in other circumstances. Learn more about mammograms and other breast imaging tests here.

FAQs About Colonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy

Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are screening exams for colorectal cancer. Here are some answers to questions you might have about these lifesaving tests.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a medical procedure where a doctor puts a tube-like instrument into the body to look inside. There are many types of endoscopy, each of which is designed for looking at a certain part of the body. Here we provide a brief overview of the most common types of endoscopy, including what they are used for and what to expect when you have them.

Imaging (Radiology) Tests

Doctors use imaging tests to make pictures (images) of the inside of your body. Imaging tests can be used in many ways, including to screen for certain cancers. Find out more about different imaging tests and how they are used here.

Tumor Markers

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body (usually in the blood or urine) when cancer is present. Along with other tests, tumor markers can be used to help show if cancer is present, to determine the type of cancer, and in some cases to help show if treatment is working. Some of the more common tumor markers are discussed here.

For Women Facing a Breast Biopsy

Some women who have an abnormal mammogram or a lump in the breast may need to get a breast biopsy, where a doctor removes a small piece of breast tissue for testing. Here we explain what a breast biopsy is, how it's done, and what it might find.

Testing Biopsy and Cytology Specimens for Cancer

Waiting to hear a possible cancer diagnosis can be very stressful. But a better understanding of the tests doctors use to diagnose and classify cancer may relieve some of your stress. It can also help you work with your doctors to make the best decisions about your treatment.