Cancer Prevention Study I
The Cancer Prevention Study I (CPS-I) is a prospective mortality study of approximately 1 million adult men and women enrolled between October 1, 1959 and February 15, 1960, and followed up through September 1972. Participants were recruited into the study in 25 states by approximately 68,000 volunteers for the American Cancer Society. Enrollment was by families (households). All family members age 30 years and over were recruited if at least one participating household member was 45 years or older.
At the time of enrollment, each participant completed a four-page baseline questionnaire providing information on height, weight, demographic characteristics, personal and family history of cancer and other diseases, menstrual and reproductive history (women), occupation, diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and physical activity. Supplemental questionnaires were mailed to participants in 1961, 1963, 1965, and 1972, inquiring about cancer and changes in smoking habits. These additional questionnaires were used only to confirm vital status.
The participants' vital status was determined annually (in October) from 1960 through 1965, and again in 1971 and 1972, through personal inquiries by the volunteers. At each of these 8 follow-ups, the volunteers were asked whether their enrollees were alive or dead and the date and place of all deaths. Death certificates were obtained from State Health departments.
Cancer Prevention Study II
The Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II), which began in 1982, is a prospective mortality study of approximately 1.2 million American men and women. Approximately 77,000 volunteers for the American Cancer Society recruited participants into the study in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
Each participant completed a four-page, confidential questionnaire. Baseline questions included personal identifiers, height, weight, demographic characteristics, personal and family history of cancer and other diseases, use of medicines and vitamins, menstrual and reproductive history (women), occupational exposures, dietary habits, alcohol and tobacco use, and various questions regarding exercise and behavior.
During the 24 years of completed mortality follow-up currently available for this cohort (1982-2006), 491,188 deaths have occurred; cause of death has been obtained for 99.3% of all deaths. Follow-up of CPS-II is expected to continue for many years to maximize the information obtained from this valuable study.
CPS-II Nutrition Survey
The CPS-II Nutrition Survey cohort was established in 1992 and 1993 as a subset of the larger CPS-II cohort with two primary objectives: 1) to obtain detailed information on dietary exposures and to update with additional exposure information, and 2) to conduct prospective cancer incidence follow-up in addition to mortality follow-up.
With these objectives in mind, staff again contacted close to half of the CPS-II population (men and women ages 50-74 in 21 states) in 1992 and 1993 and obtained updated information on nutrition and other cancer risk factors for 184,194 men and women. The 21 states participating in this survey were California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
New questionnaires were sent to the CPS-II Nutrition Survey cohort in 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007. These questionnaires updated information on exposures and also captured self-reported cancer incidence.
Ongoing cancer incidence follow-up for the CPS-II Nutrition Survey cohort is conducted by validating self-reported incidence cancers using medical records or linkage with state cancer registries. Nearly 30,000 incident cancers were reported in the interval 1992 to 2005. These data are used to examine the association of many factors (e.g., diet, lifestyle, and environment) with cancer incidence. Mortality follow-up of the entire CPS-II Nutrition Survey cohort will allow the study of the association between reported risk factors and survival. Initial findings include marked associations between obesity and aggressive forms of prostate cancer.
CPS-II Biorepository (addition of blood and cheek cell samples to CPS-II)
The Society has collected and archived blood samples from 40,000 participants and cheek cell samples (as a source of DNA) from 70,000 participants in the CPS-II Nutrition Survey cohort. The addition of archived biological specimens to the questionnaire information provided by the same individuals will provide a valuable long-term resource for examining many scientific questions, including how nutritional factors, hormones, and genetic susceptibility affect cancer risk. In separate collaborations with the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) initiative and with the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort consortium (BPC3), inherited variations that increase the risk for breast and prostate cancer were recently described. Further analysis of other genetic information collected is ongoing.
Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3)
The Society’s Epidemiology Research Program is inviting men and women between the ages of 30 and 65 years who have no personal history of cancer to join a historic research study. The ultimate goal is to enroll 300,000 adults from various racial/ethnic backgrounds from across the United States. The purpose of Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3) is to better understand ways to prevent cancer. This multi-year survey will study lifestyle, behavioral, environmental and genetic factors that may cause or prevent cancer with the ultimate goal of eliminating cancer as a major health problem for this and future generations.
Study enrollment took place at select Relay For Life® events in local communities. CPS Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3) is a grassroots effort in which Relay participants from across the country can contribute to cancer research not only through their fund-raising efforts, but also by participating actively in research.
Information about Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3) and any upcoming Relay For Life® events where future enrollment will be held is provided at www.cancer.org/cps3.
Ongoing Analyses
The staff of Epidemiology Research Program is currently conducting analyses using data from CPS-II and the CPS-II Nutrition Survey. These include analyses of diet, hormones, physical activity, vitamin use, and other risk factors for selected common cancers, and updated dose-response analyses between smoking and mortality. Collaborative studies are under way with the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harvard University, and several other universities.
Epidemiology Research Program
Publications for Fiscal Year 2010 - 2011
1. Ahearn TU, McCullough ML, Flanders WD, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D3 on markers of their metabolism in normal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients. Cancer Res. Jan 15 2011;71(2):413-423.
2. Beckmann L, Husing A, Setiawan VW, et al. Comprehensive analysis of hormone and genetic variation in 36 genes related to steroid hormone metabolism in pre- and postmenopausal women from the breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium (BPC3). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 2011;96(2):E360-367.
3. Berndt SI, Sampson J, Yeager M, et al. Large-scale fine mapping of the HNF1B locus and prostate cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet. Jun 6 2011.
4. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. Dec 2 2010;363(23):2211-2219.
5. Campa D, Kaaks R, Le Marchand L, et al. Interactions Between Genetic Variants and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. Jul 26 2011.
6. Campbell PT, Deka A, Jacobs EJ, et al. Prospective study reveals associations between colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin use in men. Gastroenterology. Oct 2010;139(4):1138-1146.
7. Canzian F, Cox DG, Setiawan VW, et al. Comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in 61 genes related to steroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I metabolism and breast cancer risk in the NCI breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium. Hum Mol Genet. Oct 1 2010;19(19):3873-3884.
8. Chatterjee N, Sinha S, Diver WR, Feigelson HS. Analysis of cohort studies with multivariate and partially observed disease classification data. Biometrika. September 1, 2010 2010;97(3):683-698.
9. Chung CC, Ciampa J, Yeager M, et al. Fine mapping of a region of chromosome 11q13 reveals multiple independent loci associated with risk of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet. Jul 15 2011;20(14):2869-2878.
10. Ciampa J, Yeager M, Amundadottir L, et al. Large-scale exploration of gene-gene interactions in prostate cancer using a multistage genome-wide association study. Cancer Res. May 1 2011;71(9):3287-3295.
11. Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Campbell PT, et al. Prediagnostic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gut. Apr 2011;60(4):491-498.
12. Culverhouse RC, Saccone NL, Stitzel JA, et al. Uncovering hidden variance: pair-wise SNP analysis accounts for additional variance in nicotine dependence. Hum Genet. Feb 2011;129(2):177-188.
13. DeLancey JO, Hannan LM, Gapstur SM, Thun MJ. Cigarette smoking and the risk of incident and fatal melanoma in a large prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. Jun 2011;22(6):937-942.
14. Dieli-Conwright CM, Sullivan-Halley J, Patel A, et al. Does hormone therapy counter the beneficial effects of physical activity on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women? Cancer Causes Control. Mar 2011;22(3):515-522.
15. Eldridge RC, Gapstur SM, Newton CC, Goodman M, Patel AV, Jacobs EJ. Jewish ethnicity and pancreatic cancer mortality in a large U.S. cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Apr 2011;20(4):691-698.
16. Figueiredo JC, Lewinger JP, Song C, et al. Genotype-environment interactions in microsatellite stable/microsatellite instability-low colorectal cancer: results from a genome-wide association study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. May 2011;20(5):758-766.
17. Fortier I, Doiron D, Little J, et al. Is rigorous retrospective harmonization possible? Application of the DataSHaPER approach across 53 large studies. Int J Epidemiol. Jul 30 2011.
18. Gansler T, Ganz PA, Grant M, et al. Sixty years of CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin. Nov-Dec 2010;60(6):345-350.
19. Gapstur SM, Jacobs EJ, Deka A, McCullough ML, Patel AV, Thun MJ. Association of alcohol intake with pancreatic cancer mortality in never smokers. Arch Intern Med. Mar 14 2011;171(5):444-451.
20. Garcia-Closas M, Ye Y, Rothman N, et al. A genome-wide association study of bladder cancer identifies a new susceptibility locus within SLC14A1, a urea transporter gene on chromosome 18q12.3. Hum Mol Genet. Sep 6 2011.
21. Gaudet MM, Press MF, Haile RW, et al. Risk factors by molecular subtypes of breast cancer across a population-based study of women 56 years or younger. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Jun 11 2011.
22. Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, et al. A pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies of anthropometric factors and pancreatic cancer risk. Int J Cancer. Nov 23 2010.
23. Gu F, Schumacher FR, Canzian F, et al. Eighteen insulin-like growth factor pathway genes, circulating levels of IGF-I and its binding protein, and risk of prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Nov 2010;19(11):2877-2887.
24. Haiman CA, Chen GK, Blot WJ, et al. Characterizing genetic risk at known prostate cancer susceptibility Loci in african americans. PLoS Genet. May 2011;7(5):e1001387.
25. Haiman CA, Chen GK, Blot WJ, et al. Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry identifies a susceptibility locus at 17q21. Nat Genet. Jun 2011;43(6):570-573.
26. Henschke CI, Boffetta P, Gorlova O, Yip R, Delancey JO, Foy M. Assessment of lung-cancer mortality reduction from CT Screening. Lung Cancer. Mar 2011;71(3):328-332.
27. Hildebrand JS, Gapstur SM, Feigelson HS, Teras LR, Thun MJ, Patel AV. Postmenopausal hormone use and incident ovarian cancer: Associations differ by regimen. Int J Cancer. Dec 15 2010;127(12):2928-2935.
28. Hinch AG, Tandon A, Patterson N, et al. The landscape of recombination in African Americans. Nature. Jul 20 2011.
29. Hinrichs AL, Murphy SE, Wang JC, et al. Common polymorphisms in FMO1 are associated with nicotine dependence. Pharmacogenet Genomics. Jul 2011;21(7):397-402.
30. Im KM, Kirchhoff T, Wang X, et al. Haplotype structure in Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Hum Genet. May 20 2011.
31. Jacobs EJ. Will an aspirin a day help keep fatal cancer away? Lancet. Jan 1 2011;377(9759):3-4.
32. Jacobs EJ, Chanock SJ, Fuchs CS, et al. Family history of cancer and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Int J Cancer. Sep 1 2010;127(6):1421-1428.
33. Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM. A Large Cohort Study of Long-term Acetaminophen Use and Prostate Cancer Incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jun 21 2011.
34. Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Thun MJ, Gapstur SM. Long-term use of cholesterol-lowering drugs and cancer incidence in a large United States cohort. Cancer Res. Mar 1 2011;71(5):1763-1771.
35. Kim DH, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Pooled analyses of 13 prospective cohort studies on folate intake and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control. Nov 2010;21(11):1919-1930.
36. Kote-Jarai Z, Olama AA, Giles GG, et al. Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study. Nat Genet. 2011;43(8):785-791.
37. Lindstrom S, Ma J, Altshuler D, et al. A large study of androgen receptor germline variants and their relation to sex hormone levels and prostate cancer risk. Results from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Sep 2010;95(9):E121-127.
38. Lindstrom S, Schumacher F, Siddiq A, et al. Characterizing associations and SNP-environment interactions for GWAS-identified prostate cancer risk markers--results from BPC3. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e17142.
39. McCullough ML, Patel AV, Kushi LH, et al. Following cancer prevention guidelines reduces risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jun 2011;20(6):1089-1097.
40. Oza S, Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Lopez AD, Ezzati M. How many deaths are attributable to smoking in the United States? Comparison of methods for estimating smoking-attributable mortality when smoking prevalence changes. Prev Med. Jun 1 2011;52(6):428-433.
41. Parikh H, Wang Z, Pettigrew KA, et al. Fine mapping the KLK3 locus on chromosome 19q13.33 associated with prostate cancer susceptibility and PSA levels. Hum Genet. Jun 2011;129(6):675-685.
42. Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control. Nov 2010;21(11):1745-1757.
43. Peterson J, Dwyer J, Adlercreutz H, Scalbert A, Jacques P, McCullough ML. Dietary lignans: physiology and potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutr Rev. Oct 2010;68(10):571-603.
44. Pope CA, 3rd, Burnett RT, Turner MC, et al. Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure-Response Relationships. Environ Health Perspect. Jul 19 2011.
45. Purdue MP, Johansson M, Zelenika D, et al. Genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma identifies two susceptibility loci on 2p21 and 11q13.3. Nat Genet. Jan 2011;43(1):60-65.
46. Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N, et al. A multi-stage genome-wide association study of bladder cancer identifies multiple susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. Nov 2010;42(11):978-984.
47. Schumacher FR, Berndt SI, Siddiq A, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new prostate cancer susceptibility loci. Hum Mol Genet. Jul 19 2011.
48. Stevens VL, McCullough ML, Sun J, Jacobs EJ, Campbell PT, Gapstur SM. High Levels of Folate From Supplements and Fortification Are Not Associated With Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. Apr 14 2011.
49. Teras LR, Goodman M, Patel AV, Diver WR, Flanders WD, Feigelson HS. Weight loss and postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of overweight and obese US women. Cancer Causes Control. Apr 2011;22(4):573-579.
50. Terry PD, Thun MJ, Rohan TE. Does tobacco smoke cause breast cancer? Womens Health (Lond Engl). Jul 2011;7(4):405-408.
51. Thun MJ. Early landmark studies of smoking and lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. Dec 2010;11(12):1200.
52. Thun MJ, A. Epidemiology of Cancer. Goldman's Cecil Medicine2011:1177-1182.
53. Thun MN, JR; Jemal, A. Lung cancer epidemiology and prevention. Treatment Strategies. Vol 12011:62-67.
54. Turner MC, Krewski D, Chen Y, Pope CA, 3rd, Gapstur S, Thun MJ. Radon and lung cancer in the American Cancer Society cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Mar 2011;20(3):438-448.
55. Wang H, O'Reilly EJ, Weisskopf MG, et al. Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pooled analysis of data from 5 prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. Mar 15 2011;173(6):595-602.
56. Wang H, O'Reilly EJ, Weisskopf MG, et al. Smoking and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pooled analysis of 5 prospective cohorts. Arch Neurol. Feb 2011;68(2):207-213.
57. Wei S, Niu J, Zhao H, et al. Association of a novel functional promoter variant (rs2075533 C>T) in the apoptosis gene TNFSF8 with risk of lung cancer--a finding from Texas lung cancer genome-wide association study. Carcinogenesis. Apr 2011;32(4):507-515.
58. Williams L, Ulrich CM, Larson T, et al. Fine Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) Air Pollution and Immune Status Among Women in the Seattle Area. Arch Environ Occup Health. Jul-Sep 2011;66(3):155-165.
59. Win AK, Dowty JG, English DR, et al. Body mass index in early adulthood and colorectal cancer risk for carriers and non-carriers of germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. Br J Cancer. Jun 28 2011;105(1):162-169.
60. Wolin KY, Patel AV, Campbell PT, et al. Change in physical activity and colon cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Dec 2010;19(12):3000-3004.
61. Wolpin BM, Kraft P, Xu M, et al. Variant ABO blood group alleles, secretor status, and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Dec 2010;19(12):3140-3149.
62. Yu H, Zhao H, Wang LE, et al. An analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of 125 DNA repair genes in the Texas genome-wide association study of lung cancer with a replication for the XRCC4 SNPs. DNA Repair (Amst). Apr 3 2011;10(4):398-407.
Publications update September 15, 2011
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