The type of medicine and the way the medicine is given depend on the type and cause of pain. For example, chronic pain is best relieved by methods that deliver a steady dose of pain medicine over a long period of time, such as a patch that releases medicine through the skin or slow-release pills. On the other hand, breakthrough pain is best treated with medicines that work fast (quick release), but stay in the system only for a short time. Below is an overview of the types of medicines used to relieve pain. More detailed explanations can be found under "Which medicines will I be given?" in the section "Common questions about taking pain medicines."
For mild to moderate pain
Non-opioids: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are often used.
You can buy many of these over the counter (without a prescription). For others, you need a prescription. Check with your doctor before using these medicines. NSAIDs can slow blood clotting. This may be a problem if you are having surgery or getting chemotherapy. NSAIDS may also cause harmful effects if you take them while you take certain other medicines.
For moderate to severe pain
Opioids (also known as narcotics): Morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and codeine
You need a written prescription for these medicines. Non-opioids may be used along with opioids for moderate to severe pain to get the best effect.
For breakthrough pain
Rapid-onset opioids: Fast-acting oral morphine; fentanyl in a lozenge or "sucker" form (These forms of fentanyl are absorbed from your mouth as you suck on them -- they are not swallowed.)
You need a written prescription for these medicines. A short-acting opioid, which relieves breakthrough pain quickly, is often used with a long-acting opioid for chronic pain.
For tingling and burning pain
Antidepressants: Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and desipramine
You need a prescription for these medicines. Antidepressants are prescribed to relieve certain types of pain. Taking an antidepressant does not mean that you are depressed or have a mental illness.
Anti-convulsants (anti-seizure medicines): Carbamazepine, gabapentin, and phenytoin
You need a prescription for these medicines. Despite the name, anti-convulsants are not only used for convulsions (seizures), but also to control burning and tingling (nerve) pain.
For pain caused by swelling or pressure
Steroids: Prednisone, dexamethasone
You need a prescription for these medicines. They are most often used to lessen swelling, which often causes pressure and pain.
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