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| The Cancer Atlas |
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Dr. Judith Mackay, Dr. Ahmedin Jemal, Dr. Nancy C. Lee, Dr. D. Maxwell Parkin
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Front Matter
Forewords
• John R Seffrin, CEO, American Cancer Society
• Julie L Gerberding, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Peter Boyle, Director, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO
Preface
Acknowledgements
Photo credits
About the authors
Glossary
Part One: INTRODUCTION (title page)
1. Mechanism of tumour development
How a tumour develops. How a tumour spreads. Stage and prognosis of cancer.
Part Two: RISK FACTORS (title page)
2. Risk factors
Proportion of cancers caused by major risk factors. Modifiable, non-modifiable and other risk factors. Trends in obesity among South American women. Obesity and income, Canada and the USA.
3. Risks for boys
Prevalence of smoking among 15-year-old male students. Use of other tobacco products among 13- 15-year-old boys in Africa. Percentage of 15-yearold boys who are overweight.
4. Risks for girls
Prevalence of smoking among 15-year-old female students. Use of other tobacco products among 13- 15-year-old girls in Africa. Percentage of 15-yearold girls who are overweight.
5. Tobacco
Prevalence of smoking among adults by sex. Cancer deaths caused by smoking. Cancers caused by tobacco compared with all new cases.
6. Infection
Prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori in adults by world region. World cancer burden caused by infections. Infection as a cause of cancer.
7. Diet and nutrition
Prevalence of overweight in men. Strength of evidence on physical activity and dietary factors. Meat consumption per person. Dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of cancer.
8. Ultraviolet radiation
Mean annual UV radiation level. Geographic variation and time trends in incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin.
9. Reproductive and hormonal factors
Average number of births during a woman’s lifetime. Effect of oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, childbearing and breastfeeding on the risk of breast cancer. Trends in oral contraceptive use.
Part Three: THE BURDEN (title page)
10. The risk of getting cancer
The probability of developing cancer before age 65. Age-specific incidence of four cancers in the Nordic countries. Sex-ratios of selected cancers in developed countries.
11. Major cancers
The most common cancers in males and females. Sex differences in new cancer cases. Differences in new cancer cases between developed and developing countries.
12. Geographical diversity
Global differences in incidence of cancer of the liver, oesophagus and testis in men, and breast, stomach and cervix in women.
13. Lung cancer
Global differences in incidence of lung cancer in men and women. Trends in lung cancer mortality rates. Trends in lung cancer survival in men in Scotland and USA.
14. Cancer in children
The most common cancers of children. Trends in the incidence and survival of major cancers of childhood in Europe.
15. Cancer survivors
Five-year cancer survivors as a proportion of national population. Relay For Life. Number of cancer survivors by years since diagnosis in USA.
Part Four: ECONOMICS (title page)
16. Economic costs
Trends in cancer-related direct costs as a percentage of all healthcare costs. The price of cigarettes as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The cost of treating obesity. The cost-effectiveness of prevention. The costs of treating cancer.
17. Commercial interests
Industries that contribute to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Biomedical research funding, USA. Countries benefiting from funding by Avon Breast Cancer Crusade. Profits from tobacco filed by the leading transnational tobacco companies.
Part Five: TAKING ACTION (title page)
18. Cancer registries
Countries with cancer registries included in Cancer in Five Continents, Vol VIII. Membership of the International Association of Cancer Registries. Availability of statistics on cancer incidence.
19. Research
Cancer research spending by charities and governments. Studies in the International Cancer Research Portfolio database. Study protocols of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Comparative funding for research at the US National Institutes of Health. Number of currently funded clinical trials.
20. Primary prevention
Percentage coverage of hepatitis B vaccination among infants. The percentage risk of death from lung cancer for smokers and non-smokers. Date of legislation for nutritional labelling regulations.
21. Prevention: population and systems approaches
Numbers of physicians working in noncommunicable disease control. Effect of cervical cancer screening programmes. Effectiveness of measures to prevent smoking in young people. Percentage of local-government authority pools with shade structures in Victoria, Australia.
22. Early detection
Cervical cancer screening programmes. Participation in organized mammography screening programmes. Public awareness of screening programmes for colorectal cancer in Europe.
23. Management and treatment
Availability of treatment: radiotherapy centres. Costs of promoting cigarettes compared with the cost of buying radiotherapy machines. Trends in breast cancer surgery in the USA.
24. Cancer organizations
Member organizations of the International Union Against Cancer. Types and functions of cancer organizations. Example of a beneficial alliance in Venezuela. The Charter of Paris, 2000. UICC World Cancer Congresses.
25. Health education
World cancer days. International Childhood Cancer Day. World No Tobacco Day. Quit&Win campaign.
26. Policies and legislation
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Cancer programmes by region. Tobacco, food and nutrition legislation by region.
Part Six: THE FUTURE & THE PAST (title page)
27. The future
The cancer epidemic, risk factors, and action, projected to 2030. New cancer cases by WHO region.
The history of cancer
From the early description of cancer thousands of years ago to the present day: landmarks in first descriptions, diagnosis and treatment, establishment of organizations, identification of risk factors, conferences and action taken.
Part Seven: WORLD TABLES (title page)
Table A: Risk factors for cancer
Prevalence of youth and adult smoking, and of overweight.
Table B: Statistics on cancer
The risk of getting cancer. Cancer survivors. Primary prevention. Incidence of cancer by sex.
End Matter
Sources
Useful contacts
Index
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