We do not yet know exactly what causes most esophageal cancers. However, there are certain risk factors that make getting esophageal cancer more likely (see the section, "What are the risk factors for cancer of the esophagus?").

Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as use of tobacco or alcohol abuse, cause esophageal cancer by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the esophagus. The DNA of esophageal cancer cells often shows many abnormalities; however, there have been no special changes described that are typical of this cancer. Long-term irritation of the lining of the esophagus -- as with GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, achalasia, esophageal webs, or scarring from swallowing lye -- can promote formation of cancers.

Last Medical Review: 05/04/2009
Last Revised: 05/13/2009