|
McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United
States. JAMA.
1993;270: 2207–2212.
Bergstrom A, Pisani P, Tenet V, et al. Overweight as an
avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer.
2001;91:421–430.
Vainio H, Bianchini F. Weight
Control and Physical
Activity, vol. 6. Lyon, France: International
Agency for Research Cancer Press; 2002.
Czene K, Lichtenstein P, Hemminki K. Environmental and
heritable causes of cancer among
9.6 million individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Int J
Cancer. 2002;99:260–266.
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for
Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition
and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC:
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research;
1997.
Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention:
from observational to intervention
research. ii
2001;10:287–301.
Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. US
Department of Health and
Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2000.
Available from
http://www.cdc.gov/Tobacco/sgr/sgr_2000/.
Boyle P, Autier P, Bartelink H, et al. Eur Code Against
Cancer and scientific justification: third
version (2003). Ann
Oncol. 2003;14:973–1005.
Weinhouse S, Bal DG, Adamson R, et al. American Cancer
Society guidelines on diet, nutrition,
and cancer. The Work Study Group on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. CA
Cancer J Clin. 1991;
41:334–338.
Byers T, Nestle M, McTiernan A, et al. American Cancer
Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer
prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and
physical activity. CA
Cancer J Clin. 2002; 52:92–119.
Fruits and Vegetables, vol. 8. Lyon, France: International
Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization; 2003.
Cruciferous Vegetables, Isothiocyanates and Indoles. Lyon,
France: International Agency for
Research Cancer Press; 2004.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Diet and
lifestyle recommendations revision 2006.
A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition
Committee. Circulation.
2006;114:82-96.
American Diabetes Association. ADA Dietary Guidelines 2006.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 [Stock number
001-000-04719-1]. Washington, DC: US
Government Printing Office, US Department of Health and Human Services,
US Department of Agriculture; 2005. Available at:
www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines.
Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Mickle SJ, et al. Foods
commonly eaten in the United States,
1989–1991 and 1994–1996: are portion sizes
changing? J Am Diet
Assoc. 2003;103:41–47.
Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion
sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am
J Public Health.
2002;92:246–249.
US Department of Health and Human Services: The Surgeon
General’s call to action to prevent and decrease overweight
and obesity. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.
Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity.
Nestle M. Increasing portion sizes in American diets: more
calories, more obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:39–40.
Kruger J, Galuska DA, Serdula MK, Kohl HW 3rd. Physical
activity profiles of US adults trying to lose weight: NHIS 1998. Med
Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:364–368.
Dong L, Block G, Mandel S. Activities contributing to total
energy expenditure in the United
States: results from the NHAPS Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.
2004;1:4.
Paeratakul S, Ferdinand DP, Champagne CM, et al. Fast-food
consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake
profile. J Am Diet
Assoc. 2003;103:1332–1338.
Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D. Neighborhood-based
differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J
Public Health. 2003;93:1552–1558.
Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships
with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J
Prev Med. 2004;27:87–96.
Giles-Corti B, Macintyre S, Clarkson JP, et al.
Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and
obesity in Perth, Australia. Am
J Health Promot.
2003;18:93–102.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of
overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA.
2006;295:1549–1555.
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ.
Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively
studied cohort of US adults. N
Engl J Med.
2003;348:1625–1638.
Berrington de Gonzalez A, Sweetland S, Spencer E. A
meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J
Cancer. 2003;89:519–523.
Patel AV, Rodriguez C, Bernstein L, et al. Obesity,
recreational physical activity, and risk of pancreatic cancer in a
large US Cohort. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2005;14:459–466.
Lindblad M, Rodriguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco
and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric
non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case control
study. Cancer Causes
Control. 2005;16:285–294.
Amling CL, Riffenburgh RH, Sun L, et al. Pathologic
variables and recurrence rates as related to obesity and race in men
with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol.
2004;22:439–445.
Freedland SJ, Terris MK, Platz EA, Presti JC Jr. Body mass
index as a predictor of prostate cancer: development versus detection
on biopsy. Urology.
2005;66:108–113.
Amling CL. Relationship between obesity and prostate
cancer. Curr Opin Urol.
2005;15: 167–171.
Radimer KL, Ballard-Barbash R, Miller JS, et al. Weight
change and the risk of late-onset breast cancer in the original
Framingham cohort. Nutr
Cancer. 2004;49:7–13.
Eng SM, Gammon MD, Terry MB, et al. Body size changes in
relation to postmenopausal breast cancer among women on Long Island,
New York. Am J
Epidemiol. 2005;162:229–237.
Parker ED, Folsom AR. Intentional weight loss and incidence
of obesity-related cancers: the Iowa Women’s Health Study.
Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord. 2003;27:1447–1452.
Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Egan KM, et al. Weight change
and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes
Control. 2000;11:533–542.
Harvie M, Howell A, Vierkant RA, et al. Association of gain
and loss of weight before and after menopause with risk of
postmenopausal breast cancer in the Iowa women’s health
study. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:656–661.
Rolls BJ, Drewnowski A, Ledikwe JH. Changing the energy
density of the diet as a strategy for weight management. J Am Diet
Assoc. 2005;105:S98–S103.
Wing RR, Hamman RF, Bray GA, et al. Achieving weight and
activity goals among diabetes prevention program lifestyle
participants. Obes Res.
2004;12:1426–1434.
Healthy Youth: An Investment in Our Nation’s
Future. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion;
2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/.
Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, et al. Do obese children
become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med.
1993;22:167–177.
Patel AV, Callel EE, Bernstein L, et al. Recreational
physical activity and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a large
cohort of US women. Cancer
Causes Control. 2003;14:519–529.
McTiernan A, Ulrich C, Slate S, Potter J. Physical activity
and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms. Cancer Causes
Control. 1998;9:487–509.
Physical activity and cardiovascular health. NIH Consensus
Development Panel on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. JAMA.
1996;276:241–246.
McTiernan A, Tworoger SS, Ulrich CM, et al. Effect of
exercise on serum estrogens in postmenopausal women: a 12-month
randomized clinical trial. Cancer
Res. 2004;64:2923–2928.
McTiernan A, Tworoger SS, Rajan KB, et al. Effect of
exercise on serum androgens in postmenopausal women: a 12-month
randomized clinical trial. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2004;13:1099–1105.
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute, in cooperation with The National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1998. Available at:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm.
Shephard RJ, Futcher R. Physical activity and cancer: how
may protection be maximized? Crit
Rev Oncog. 1997;8:219–272.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber,
Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
(Macronutrients). Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper
Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary
Reference Intakes, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of
Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of
Medicine of the National Academies; 2002. Available at:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490.html. Accessed July 31, 2006.
Hill HA, Austin H. Nutrition and endometrial cancer. Cancer
Causes Control. 1996;7:19–32.
Wolk A, Lindblad P, Adami HO. Nutrition and renal cell
cancer. Cancer Causes
Control. 1996;7:5–18.
Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al.
Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women.
Nurses’ Health Study Research Group. J Natl Cancer Inst.
1997;89: 948–955.
Slattery ML, Potter J, Caan B, et al. Energy balance and
colon cancer—beyond physical activity. Cancer Res.
1997;57:75–80.
Carpenter CL, Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Bernstein L.
Lifetime exercise activity and breast cancer risk among post-menopausal
women. Br J Cancer.
1999;80:1852–1858.
Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE, et al. Association
among physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of
musculoskeletal injury. Am
J Epidemiol. 2001;154:251–258.
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Gordon NF, Paffenbarger RS Jr. How much
physical activity is good for health? Annu Rev Public Health.
1992;13:99–126.
Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI. Preventing childhood
obesity: health in the balance. Food and Nutrition Board, Board on
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine of the
National Academies; 2004. Available at:
http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/11015.html#toc.
Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, et al. Evidence based
physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr.
2005;146:732–737.
Pangrazi RP. Promoting physical activity for youth. J Sci
Med Sport. 2000;3:280–286.
Physical Activity for Children: A Statement of Guideline
for Children Ages 5–12. 2nd ed. Reston, VA: Council on
Physical Education for Children, National Association for Sport and
Physical Education; 2004.
Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Physical
activity. In: Zaza S, Briss PA, Harris KW, eds. The Guide to Community
Preventive Services: What Works to Promote Health? New York: Oxford
University Press; 2005. Available at: http://www.thecommunityguide.org.
Berrigan D, Dodd K, Troiano RP, et al. Patterns of health
behavior in US adults. Prev
Med. 2003; 36:615–623.
Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, et al. Eating patterns
and risk of colon cancer. Am
J Epidemiol. 1998;148:4–16.
Fung T, Hu FB, Fuchs C, et al. Major dietary patterns and
the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Arch Intern Med.
2003;163:309–314.
Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients: United
States, 1971–2000. MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2004;53:80–82.
Enns CW, Goldman JD, Cook A. Trends in food and nutrient
intakes by adults: NFCS 1977–78, CSFII 1989–91, and
CSFII 1994–1995. Fam
Econ Nutr Rev. 1997;10:2–15.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL.
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends,
1960–1994. Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
1998;22:39–47.
Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, et al. Lack of effect of a
low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas.
Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med.
2000;342:1149–1155.
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al. Low-fat
dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women’s
Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.
JAMA.
2006;295:643–654.
Tohill BC, Seymour J, Serdula M, et al. What epidemiologic
studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable
consumption and body weight. Nutr
Rev. 2004;62:365–374.
He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, et al. Changes in intake of fruits
and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among
middle-aged women. Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2004;28:1569–1574.
Meyskens FL Jr, Szabo E. Diet and cancer: the disconnect
between epidemiology and randomized clinical trials. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1366–1369.
Omenn GS. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: the rise and
demise of beta-carotene. Ann
Rev Public Health.
1998;19:73–99.
Albanes D. Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study. Am
J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:1345S-1350S.
The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence
of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol,
Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med.
1994;330:1029–1035.
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a
combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and
cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1150–1155.
Omenn GS, Goodman G, Thornquist M, et al. The beta-carotene
and retinol efficacy trial (CARET) for chemoprevention of lung cancer
in high risk populations: smokers and asbestos exposed workers. Cancer
Res. 1994;54:2038s-2043s.
Stables G, Heimendinger J. 5 A Day for Better Health
Program: monograph. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health,
National Cancer Institute; 2001 Available at:
http://www.5aday.gov/about/pdf/masimaxmonograph.pdf.
Thompson FE, Midthune D, Subar AF, et al. Dietary intake
estimates in the National Health Interview Survey, 2000: methodology,
results, and interpretation. J
Am Diet Assoc.
2005;105:352–363.
Serdula MK, Gillespie C, Kettel-Khan L, et al. Trends in
fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in the United States:
behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1994–2000. Am J
Public Health. 2004;94:1014–1018.
Moser RP, Green V, Weber D, Doyle C. Psychosocial
correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption among African American
men. J Nutr Educ Behav.
2005;37:306–314.
John JH, Ziebland S. Reported barriers to eating more fruit
and vegetables before and after participation in a randomized
controlled trial: a qualitative study. Health Educ Res.
2004;19:165–174.
Maclellan DL, Gottschall-Pass K, Larsen R. Fruit and
vegetable consumption: benefits and barriers. Can J Diet Pract Res.
2004;65:101–105.
Van Duyn MA, Kristal AR, Dodd K, et al. Association of
awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of
dietary change with fruit and vegetable consumption: a national survey.
Am J Health Promot.
2001;16:69–78.
Jansen MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Feskens EJ, et al.
Quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable consumption and cancer
risk. Nutr Cancer.
2004;48:142–148.
Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and
stroke statistics—2006 update: a report from the American
Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics
Subcommittee. Circulation.
2006;113:e85–e151.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of
the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative
Research Group. N Engl
J Med. 1997;336:1117–1124.
Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Relation between
changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in
weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin
Nutr. 2003;78:920–927.
Slavin JL. Mechanisms for the impact of whole grain foods
on cancer risk. J Am
Coll Nutr. 2000;19:300S-307S.
Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Roe DJ, et al. Lack of effect of a
high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas.
Phoenix Colon Cancer Prevention Physicians’ Network. N Engl J
Med. 2000;342:1156–1162.
Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary fiber
intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective
cohort studies. JAMA.
2005;294:2849–2857.
Sandhu MS, White IR, McPherson K. Systematic review of the
prospective cohort studies on meat consumption and colorectal cancer
risk: a meta-analytical approach. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2001;10:439–446.
Norat T, Riboli E. Meat consumption and colorectal cancer:
a review of epidemiologic evidence. Nutr Rev.
2001;59:37–47.
Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P, Riboli E. Meat consumption
and colorectal cancer risk: dose response meta-analysis of
epidemiological studies. Int
J Cancer. 2002;98:241–256.
Chao A, Thun MJ, Connell CJ, et al. Meat consumption and
risk of colorectal cancer.
JAMA. 2005;293:172–182.
Kolonel LN. Fat, meat, and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev.
2001;23:72–81.
Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, et al. Meat
consumption among Black and White men and risk of prostate cancer in
the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:211–216.
Cross AJ, Sinha R. Meat-related mutagens/carcinogens in the
etiology of colorectal cancer. Environ
Mol Mutagen.
2004;44:44–55.
Gerrior S, Bente L, Hiza H. Nutrient Content of the US Food
Supply, 1909–2000 (Home Economics Research Report No. 56). US
Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion;
2004.
Alcohol Drinking, vol. 44. Lyon, France: International
Agency for Research Cancer Press; 1988.
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases:
report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation, Geneva, 28
January–1 February 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
2003. Available at:
http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert.report.pdf.
Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al. Alcohol, tobacco and
breast cancer—collaborative reanalysis of individual data
from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast
cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer.
2002;87:1234–1245.
Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Alcohol and
breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA.
1998;279:535–540.
Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, et al. Alcohol intake and
colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern
Med. 2004;140:603–613.
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. A prospective
study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA.
1999;281:1632–1637.
Rohan TE, Jain MG, Howe GR, Miller AB. Dietary folate
consumption and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;92:266–269.
Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Cerhan JR, et al. Dietary folate
intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of
postmenopausal women. Epidemiology.
2001;12:420–428.
Baglietto L, English DR, Gertig DM, et al. Does dietary
folate intake modify effect of alcohol consumption on breast cancer
risk? Prospective cohort study. BMJ.
2005;331:807.
Bandera EV, Kushi LH. Alcohol and Cancer. In: Heber D,
Blackburn GL, Go VLW, et al. (eds). Nutritional Oncology. 2nd ed. San
Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2006.
Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, et al. Fluid intake
and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med.
1999;340:1390–1397.
Carmichael AR, Bates T. Obesity and breast cancer: a review
of the literature. Breast.
2004;13:85–92.
Stephenson GD, Rose DP. Breast cancer and obesity: an
update. Nutr Cancer.
2003;45:1–16.
Swerdlow AJ, De Stavola BL, Floderus B, et al. Risk factors
for breast cancer at young ages in twins: an international
population-based study. J
Natl Cancer Inst.
2002;94:1238–1246.
van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Pooled
analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast
cancer risk. Am J
Epidemiol. 2000;152:514–527.
Morimoto LM, White E, Chen Z, et al. Obesity, body size,
and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women’s Health
Initiative (United States). Cancer
Causes Control.
2002;13:741–751.
Feigelson HS, Patel A, Teras LR, et al. Adult weight gain
and histopathologic characteristics of breast cancer among
postmenopausal women. Cancer.
2006;107:12-21.
Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Robertson AS, et al. Alcohol,
folate, methionine, and risk of incident breast cancer in the American
Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:161–164.
Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, et al. Low-fat dietary
pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women’s
Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.
JAMA.
2006;295:629–642.
McTiernan A. Associations between energy balance and body
mass index and risk of breast carcinoma in women from diverse racial
and ethnic backgrounds in the US. Cancer.
2000;88:1248–1255.
Cleary MP, Maihle NJ. The role of body mass index in the
relative r isk of developing premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast
cancer. Proc Soc Exp
Biol Med. 1997;216:28–43.
Slattery ML, Edwards SL, Ma KN, et al. Physical activity
and colon cancer: a public health perspective. Ann Epidemiol.
1997;7:137–145.
Glade M. Dietary fat and cancer: genetic and molecular
interactions; annual Research Conference, American Institute for Cancer
Research. Nutrition.
1997;13:75–77.
Kushi LH, Lenart EB, Willett WC. Health implications of
Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 2. Meat, wine,
fats, and oils. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1995;61:1416S-1427S.
Potter JD. Nutrition and colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes
Control. 1996;7:127–146.
Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, et al. Calcium supplements
for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention
Study Group. N Engl J
Med. 1999;340:101–107.
Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, et al. Calcium and
fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a
randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organisation
Study Group. Lancet.
2000;356: 1300–1306.
Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal
cancer: recent findings. Curr
Opin Gastroenterol.
2006;22:24–29.
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, et al. Prospective study of
predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in
men. J Natl Cancer Inst.
2006;98:451–459.
Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Vitamin D, calcium
supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized
trial. J Natl Cancer
Inst. 2003;95:1765–1771.
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A
prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate
cancer. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:203–210.
Will JC, Galuska DA, Vinicor F, Calle EE. Colorectal
cancer: another complication of diabetes mellitus? Am J Epidemiol.
1998;147: 816–825.
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American Cancer Society
guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin.
2006;56:11–25.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006.
CA Cancer J Clin.
2006;56:106–130.
Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, et al. Endometrial cancer.
Lancet.
2005;366:491–505.
Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Considine DM, et al. The association
between food, nutrition, physical activity and the risk of endometrial
cancer and underlying mechanisms. In support of the Second WCRF/AICR
Report on Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of
Cancer; 2007.
Ries LAG, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer
Statistics Review, 1975–2003 Bethesda, MD: National Cancer
Institute; 2006. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/.
Biesalski HK, Bueno de Mesquita B, Chesson A, et al. Eur
Consensus Statement on Lung Cancer: risk factors and prevention. Lung
Cancer Panel. CA Cancer
J Clin. 1998;48:167–176.
Koushik A, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Fruits and
vegetables and ovarian cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 12 cohort
studies. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:2160–2167.
Schulz M, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, et al. Fruit and vegetable
consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:2531–2535.
Schulz M, Lahmann PH, Riboli E, Boeing H. Dietary
determinants of epithelial ovarian cancer: a review of the
epidemiologic literature. Nutr
Cancer. 2004;50:120–140.
Qin LQ, Xu JY, Wang PY, et al. Milk/dairy products
consumption, galactose metabolism and ovarian cancer: meta-analysis of
epidemiological studies. Eur
J Cancer Prev. 2005;14:13–19.
Genkinger JM, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Dairy
products and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies.
Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:364–372.
Webb PM, Purdie DM, Bain CJ, Green AC. Alcohol, wine, and
risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2004; 13:592–599.
Genkinger JM, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Alcohol
intake and ovarian cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.
Br J Cancer.
2006;94:757–762.
Bertone-Johnson ER. Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a
status report. Lancet.
2005;365:101–102.
Calle EE, Murphy TK, Rodriguez C, et al. Diabetes mellitus
and pancreatic cancer mortality in a prospective cohort of United
States adults. Cancer
Causes Control. 1998;9:403–410.
Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Physical
activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer. JAMA.
2001;286:921–929.
Chan JM, Gann PH, Giovannucci EL. Role of diet in prostate
cancer development and progression. J Clin Oncol.
2005;23:8152–8160.
Li H, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E, et al. Manganese
superoxide dismutase polymorphism, prediagnostic antioxidant status,
and risk of clinical significant prostate cancer. Cancer Res.
2005;65:2498–2504.
Kolonel LN. Nutrition and Prostate Cancer, in Coulston AM,
Rock CL, Monsen ER (eds): Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of
Disease. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001:373–386.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A, et al. Calcium and fructose
intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res.
1998;58:442–447.
Freedland SJ, Aronson WJ, Kane CJ, et al. Impact of obesity
on biochemical control after radical prostatectomy for clinically
localized prostate cancer: a report by the Shared Equal Access Regional
Cancer Hospital database study group. J Clin Oncol.
2004;22:446–453.
Kelley JR, Duggan JM. Gastric cancer epidemiology and risk
factors. J Clin
Epidemiol. 2003;56:1–9.
Gonzalez CA. Vegetable, fruit and cereal consumption and
gastric cancer risk. IARC
Sci Publ. 2002;156:79–83.
Mayne ST, Navarro SA. Diet, obesity and reflux in the
etiology of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia in
humans. J Nutr.
2002;132:3467S-3470S.
Marshall JR, Boyle P. Nutrition and oral cancer. Cancer
Causes Control. 1996;7:101–111.
Cheng KK, Day NE. Nutrition and esophageal cancer. Cancer
Causes Control. 1996;7:33–40.
Riboli E, Kaaks R, Esteve J. Nutrition and laryngeal
cancer. Cancer Causes
Control. 1996;7:147–156.
Willett WC. Micronutrients and cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr.
1994;59:1162S-1165S.
Butchko HH, Stargel WW, Comer CP, et al. Aspartame: review
of safety. Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002;35:S1–S93.
Weihrauch MR, Diehl V. Artificial sweeteners—do
they bear a carcinogenic risk? Ann
Oncol. 2004;15:1460–1465.
Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dairy foods,
calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2004;96:1015–1022.
Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Standing
Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,
Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academies Press;
1997. Available at:
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309063507/html/.
Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Coffee and cancer: a review of
epidemiological studies, 1990–1999. Eur J Cancer Prev.
2000;9:241–256.
MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, et al. Effects of
omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review. JAMA.
2006;295:403–415.
What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish:
2004 EPA and FDA Advice for: women who might become pregnant, women who
are pregnant, nursing mothers, young children.
Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services, US
Environmental Protection Agency; 2004.
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/admehg3.html. Accessed July 31,
2006.
Review of fluoride: benefits and risks—Report of
the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate
Environmental Health and Related Programs. Washington, DC: US Public
Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services; 1991.
Available at: http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride.
Giovannucci E. Epidemiologic studies of folate and
colorectal neoplasia: a review. J
Nutr. 2002;132:2350S-2355S.
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and
Applied Nutrition. Food ingredients and packaging: approval and
notification programs. Available at:
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/foodadd.html. Accessed June 14, 2006.
Garlic: effects on cardiovascular risks and disease,
protective effects against cancer, and clinical adverse effects.
Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 20. AHRQ
Publication No. 01-E022, October 2000. Rockville, MD: Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality. Available at:
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm.
Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Garlic and cancer: a critical
review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nutr.
2001;131:1032S-1040S.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic
Diseases. Food irradiation. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2005. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodirradiation.htm.
Accessed June 14, 2006.
Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Study Group. High-dose irradiation:
wholesomeness of food irradiated with doses above 10 kGy. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999. Available at:
http://www.who.int/Foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/irrad.pdf.
Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene,
and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst.
1999;91:317–331.
Freedland SJ, Aronson WJ. Obesity and prostate cancer.
Urology.
2005;65:433–439.
Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, et al. Bioactive
compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular
disease and cancer. Am
J Med. 2002;113:71S-88S.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. 9th Report on carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC:
National Toxicology Program; 2000. Available at:
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid_BE49AE97–F1F6–975E–77FE65CCD04657CF.
Accessed July 31, 2006.
Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, et al. Baseline
characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer
incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the
Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2002;11:630–639.
Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE.
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. Review of the epidemiological
evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;77:171–183.
Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB, et al. Stimulatory
influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and
postmenopausal women. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
1996;5:785–794.
NIH Consensus Development Program: State-of-the-Science
Conference Statement: Multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic
disease prevention (draft statement). National Institutes of Health;
2006. Available at: http://consensus.nih.gov/2006/MVMDRAFT051706.pdf.
Accessed July 31, 2006.
Morris CD, Carson S. Routine vitamin supplementation to
prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the US
Preventive Services Task Force. Ann
Intern Med.
2003;139:56–70.
Dufresne CJ, Farnworth ER. A review of latest research
findings on the health promotion properties of tea. J Nutr Biochem.
2001;12:404–421.
Chung FL, Schwartz J, Herzog CR, Yang YM. Tea and cancer
prevention: studies in animals and humans. J Nutr.
2003;133:3268S-3274S.
Sun CL, Yuan JM, Lee MJ, et al. Urinary tea polyphenols in
relation to gastric and esophageal cancers: a prospective study of men
in Shanghai, China. Carcinogenesis.
2002;23:1497–1503.
Goldbohm RA, Hertog MG, Brants HA, et al. Consumption of
black tea and cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer
Inst. 1996;88:93–100.
Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk
of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr.
2001;20:5–19.
Position of the American Dietetic Association and
Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc.
2003;103:748–765.
Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer
incidence and mortality: a review (United States). Cancer Causes
Control. 2005;16:83–95.
Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations to meet both
endocrine and autocrine needs of Vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.
2005;97:7–12.
Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of long-term
vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA.
2005;293:1338–1347.
Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, et al. Incidence of
cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene
supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. JAMA.
2003;290:476–485.
Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, et al. Supplemental vitamin E
intake and prostate cancer risk in a large cohort of men in the United
States. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:893–899.
Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Mondul AM, et al. Vitamin E
supplements and risk of prostate cancer in US men. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:378–382.
Christen WG, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. Design of
Physicians’ Health Study II—a randomized trial of
beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results
of completed trials. Ann
Epidemiol. 2000;10:125–134.
Klein EA. Selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial.
Ann NY Acad Sci
2004;1031:234–241.
Shannon J, White E, Shattuck AL, Potter JD. Relationship of
food groups and water intake to colon cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:495–502.
Revised: 03/19/2008
|