What is breast reconstruction?
New choices in breast cancer surgery and reconstruction
Why have breast reconstruction?
Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction
Types of breast reconstruction
Nipple and areola reconstruction
Choosing your plastic surgeon
Questions to ask your plastic surgeon
Before Surgery
After breast reconstruction surgery
Can breast reconstruction hide cancer, or cause it to come back?
Our Reach to Recovery program
Glossary
Additional resources
References

What is breast reconstruction?

Breast reconstruction is a type of surgery for women who have had a breast removed (mastectomy). The surgery rebuilds the breast so that it is about the same size and shape as it was before. The nipple and areola (the darker area around the nipple) can also be added. Most women who have had a mastectomy can have reconstruction. Women who have had a lumpectomy may not need reconstruction. Breast reconstruction is done by a plastic surgeon.

Here are some facts to help you better understand the process and the words used when talking about breast reconstruction. The words in italics are further explained in the glossary at the end of this information.

The choice to have breast reconstruction is yours to make. We hope this information will help you with this decision. Try to learn as much as you can before you decide what to do. No one source of information can give you every fact or give you all the answers. You and those close to you should talk to your health care team about any questions and concerns you have about this type of surgery.

New choices in breast cancer surgery and reconstruction

Each year more than 250, 000 American women face the reality of either invasive or noninvasive breast cancer. Today, the emotional and physical results are very different from what they were in the past. Much more is now known about breast cancer and its treatment. New kinds of treatment, as well as improved reconstructive surgery mean that women who have breast cancer today have better choices.

Today, more women with breast cancer choose surgery that removes only part of the breast tissue. This is called breast conservation surgery (or lumpectomy or segmental mastectomy). But, some women have a mastectomy, which removes the entire breast. Many women who have a mastectomy choose reconstructive surgery to restore the breast's appearance.

If you are thinking about having reconstructive surgery, it is a good idea to talk about it with your surgeon and a plastic surgeon experienced in breast reconstruction before your mastectomy. This lets the surgical teams plan the treatment that is best for you, even if you decide to wait and have reconstructive surgery later.

Why have breast reconstruction?

Women choose breast reconstruction for many reasons:

• to make their breasts look balanced when they are wearing a bra
• to permanently regain their breast contour
• to avoid using an external prosthesis (form that fits into the bra)

You will be able to see the difference between the reconstructed breast and the remaining breast when you are nude. But when the breasts are in a bra, they should be alike enough in size and shape that you will feel comfortable about how you look in most types of clothes.

Your body image and self-esteem may improve after your reconstruction surgery, but this is not always the case. Breast reconstruction does not fix things you were unhappy about before your surgery. Also, you may be disappointed with how your breast looks after surgery. You and those close to you must be realistic about what to expect from reconstruction.

There are often many options to think about as you and your doctors talk about what is best for you. The reconstruction process may require one or more operations. You should talk about the benefits and risks of reconstruction with your doctors before the surgery is planned. Give yourself plenty of time to make the best decision for you. You should decide to have breast reconstruction only after you are fully informed.

Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction

Immediate reconstruction is done at the same time as the mastectomy. An advantage to having immediate reconstruction, is that the chest tissues are undamaged by radiation therapy or scarring. This often means that the final result looks better. Also, immediate reconstruction means one less surgery.

Immediate reconstruction techniques may still require a number of steps after the first surgery to complete the process. Even if you are planning to have immediate reconstruction, be sure to ask what will need to be done afterward and how long it will take.

Delayed reconstruction means that the rebuilding is started later. For some women, this may be advised if they need radiation to the chest area after the mastectomy. Radiation therapy given after breast reconstruction surgery can cause complications.

Decisions about reconstructive surgery depend on many personal factors such as:

• your overall health
• the stage of your breast cancer
• the size of your natural breast
• the amount of tissue available (for example, very thin women may not have enough extra body tissue to make flap grafts)
• whether you want reconstructive surgery on both breasts
• your insurance coverage for the unaffected breast and related costs
• the type of procedure you are thinking about
• the size of implant or reconstructed breast
• your desire to match the look of the other breast

Other important factors to think about:

• Some women do not want to think about reconstruction while coping with a diagnosis of cancer. If this is the case, you may choose to wait until after your breast cancer surgery to decide about reconstruction.

• You may not want to have any more surgery than is needed.

• Scarring is a natural outcome of any surgery, but necrosis (cell death) of the breast skin, the flap, or transplanted fat can happen. Immediate reconstruction may be more likely to result in necrosis, which requires extra surgery to repair and can deform the new breast shape.

• Not all surgery is a total success, and you may not like the way it looks.

• You may be concerned if you have bleeding or scarring tendencies.

• Your ability to heal may be affected by previous surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, some medicines, and other factors.

• Would you prefer to have reconstruction before or after you complete your cancer treatment?

• Breast reconstruction restores the shape of the breasts but cannot restore normal breast sensation. With time, the skin on the reconstructed breast can become more sensitive, but it will not feel the same as it did before your mastectomy.

• Surgeons may suggest you wait for one reason or another, especially if you smoke or have other health problems. Many surgeons require you to quit smoking at least 2 months before reconstructive surgery to allow for better healing. You may not be able to have reconstruction at all if you are obese, too thin, or have blood circulation problems.

• The surgeon may recommend surgery to reshape the remaining breast to match the reconstructed breast. This could include reducing or enlarging the size of the breast, or even surgically lifting the breast.

• Knowing your reconstruction options before surgery can help you prepare for a mastectomy with a more realistic outlook for the future.

Types of breast reconstruction

Several types of operations can be done to reconstruct your breast. You can have a newly shaped breast with the use of a breast implant, your own tissue flap, or a combination of the two. A tissue flap is a section of your own skin, fat, and muscle which is moved from your tummy, back, or other area of your body to the chest area.

Implant procedures

The most common implant is a saline-filled implant. It is a silicone shell filled with sterile saline (salt water). Silicone gel-filled implants are another option for breast reconstruction. They are not used as often as they were in the past because of concerns that silicone leakage might cause immune system diseases. But most of the recent studies show that implants do not increase the risk of immune system problems. Also, alternative breast implants that have different shells and are filled with different materials are being studied, but these are available only in clinical trials.

One-stage immediate breast reconstruction may be done at the same time as your mastectomy. After the general surgeon removes the breast tissue, a plastic surgeon places a breast implant where the breast tissue was removed to form the breast contour.

Two-stage reconstruction or two-stage delayed reconstruction is done if your skin and chest wall tissues are tight and flat. An implanted tissue expander, like a balloon, is placed beneath the skin and chest muscle. Through a tiny valve beneath the skin, the surgeon injects a salt-water solution at regular intervals to fill the expander over time. After the skin over the breast area has stretched enough, a second surgery is done to remove the expander and put in the permanent implant. Some expanders are left in place as the final implant.

The two-stage reconstruction is sometimes called delayed-immediate reconstruction because it allows options. If the surgical biopsies show that radiation is needed, the next steps may be delayed until after radiation treatment is complete. If radiation is not needed, the surgeon can start right away with the tissue expansion and second surgery.

There are some important factors for you to think about if you are thinking about having implants:

• Implants may not last a lifetime, and you may need more surgery to replace them later.

• You can have local complications with breast implants such as rupture, pain, capsular contracture (scar tissue forms around the implant), infection, or an unpleasing cosmetic result. This means that implants may become less attractive over time.

Tissue flap procedures

These procedures use tissue from your tummy, back, thighs, or buttocks to rebuild the breast. The 2 most common types of tissue flap surgeries are the TRAM flap (transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap), which uses tissue from the tummy area, and the latissimus dorsi flap, which uses tissue from the upper back. These operations leave 2 surgical sites and scars--one where the tissue was taken and one on the reconstructed breast. The scars fade over time, but they will never go away completely. There can also be complications at the donor sites, such as abdominal hernias and muscle damage or weakness. There can also be differences in the size and shape of the breasts. Because healthy blood vessels are needed for the tissue's blood supply, flap procedures are not usually offered to women with diabetes, connective tissue or vascular disease, or to smokers.

In general, flap procedures behave more like the rest of your body tissue. For instance, they may enlarge or shrink as you lose or gain weight. There is also no worry about replacement or rupture.

TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle) flap

The TRAM flap procedure uses tissue and muscle from the lower abdominal wall (tummy tissue). The tissue from this area alone is often enough to shape the breast, and an implant may not be needed. The skin, fat, blood vessels, and at least one abdominal muscle is moved from the abdomen to the chest area. The TRAM flap can decrease the strength in your abdomen, and may not be possible in women who have had abdominal tissue removed in previous surgeries. The procedure also results in a tightening of the lower abdomen, or a "tummy tuck."

There are 2 types of TRAM flaps:

• A pedicle flap leaves the flap attached to its original blood supply and tunnels it under the skin to the breast area.

• In a free flap, the surgeon cuts the flap of skin, fat, blood vessels, and muscle for the implant free from its original location and then attaches it to blood vessels in the chest. This requires the use of a microscope (microsurgery) to connect the tiny vessels and takes longer than a pedicle flap. The free flap is not done as often as the pedicle flap, but some doctors think that it can result in a more natural shape.

Latissimus dorsi flap

The latissimus dorsi flap moves muscle and skin from your upper back when extra tissue is needed. The flap is made up of skin, fat, muscle, and blood vessels. It is tunneled under the skin to the front of the chest. This creates a pocket for an implant, which can be used for added fullness to the reconstructed breast. Though it is not common, some women may have weakness in their back, shoulder, or arm after this surgery.

DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator) flap

A newer type of flap procedure, the DIEP flap, uses fat and skin from the same area as in the TRAM flap but does not use the muscle to form the breast mound. This procedure results in less skin and fat in the lower abdomen, or a "tummy tuck." The procedure is done as a free flap, meaning that the tissue is completely cut free from the tummy and then moved to the chest area. This requires the use of a microscope (microsurgery) to connect the tiny vessels. The procedure takes longer than the TRAM pedicle flap discussed above.

Donor tissue site for DIEP flap	After DIEP flap

Gluteal free flap

The gluteal free flap is another newer type of surgery that uses tissue from the buttocks, including the gluteal muscle, to create the breast shape. It is an option for women who cannot or do not wish to use the tummy sites due to thinness, incisions, failed tummy flap, or other reasons. This procedure is much like the free TRAM flap mentioned above. The skin, fat, blood vessels, and muscle are cut out of the buttocks and then moved to the chest area. A microscope (microsurgery) is needed to connect the tiny vessels.

Nipple and areola reconstruction

You can decide if you want to have your nipple and areola (the dark area around the nipple) reconstructed. Nipple and areola reconstructions are optional and usually the final phase of breast reconstruction. This is a separate surgery that is done to make the reconstructed breast look more like the original breast. It can be done as an outpatient under local anesthesia (drugs are used to make the area numb). It is usually done after the new breast has had time to heal (about 3 to 4 months after surgery).

The ideal nipple and areola reconstruction requires that the position, size, shape, texture, color, and projection of the new nipple match the natural one. Tissue used to rebuild the nipple and areola also is taken from your body, such as from the newly created breast, opposite nipple, ear, eyelid, groin, upper inner thigh, or buttocks. A tattoo may be used to match the color of the nipple of the other breast and to create the areola.

In a newer procedure called nipple-sparing mastectomy, the nipple and areola are left in place while the breast tissue under them is removed. Women who have a small early stage cancer near the outer part of the breast, with no signs of cancer in the skin or near the nipple, are better candidates for nipple-sparing surgery. Cancers that are larger or nearby may mean that cancer cells are hidden in the nipple. Some doctors give the nipple tissue a dose of radiation during or after the surgery to try and reduce the risk of the cancer coming back.

There are still some problems with nipple-sparing surgeries. Afterward, the nipple does not have a good blood supply, so sometimes it can wither away or become deformed. Because the nerves are also cut, there is little or no sensation left in the nipple. In some cases, the nipple may look out of place later, mostly in women with larger breasts. This type of surgery is not yet widely available, but is getting more popular.

Saving the nipple from the breast that has been removed to use it later (called nipple saving or nipple banking) is no longer favored by most surgeons. The tissue can be injured by the way it is stored or preserved, and there have been other problems with this surgery.

Choosing your plastic surgeon

Once you decide to have breast reconstruction, you will need to find a board-certified plastic surgeon with experience in breast reconstruction. Your breast surgeon can suggest doctors for you.

To find out if a surgeon is board certified, contact the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). This organization has a Plastic Surgery Information Service that provides a list of ASPS members in a caller's area who are certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. You can find more information in the "Additional resources" section toward the end of this document.

Questions to ask your plastic surgeon

It is very important that you get all of your questions answered by your plastic surgeon before having breast reconstruction. If you don't understand something, ask your surgeon about it. Here is a list of questions to get you started. Write down other questions as you think of them. You may want to record your conversations with your surgeons or take notes. Some people bring a friend or family member with them to the doctor to help remember what was said. The answers to these questions may help you make your decisions.

• Can breast reconstruction be done in my case?
• When can I have reconstruction done?
• What types of reconstruction are possible for me?
• What is the average cost of each type? Will my insurance cover them?
• What type of reconstruction do you think would be best for me? Why?
• How many of these procedures have you (plastic surgeon) done?
• What results are realistic for me?
• Will the reconstructed breast match my remaining breast?
• How will my reconstructed breast feel to the touch?
• Will I have any feeling in my reconstructed breast?
• What possible complications should I know about?
• How much discomfort or pain will I feel?
• How long will I be in the hospital?
• Will I need blood transfusions? If so, can I donate my own blood?
• How long is the recovery time?
• What will I need to do at home to care for my surgical wound?
• How much help will I need at home to take care of my drain (tube that lets fluid out) and wound?
• When can I start my exercises?
• How much activity can I do at home?
• What do I do if my arm swells (lymphedema)?
• When will I be able to return to normal activity such as driving and working?
• Can I talk with other women who have had the same surgery?
• Will reconstruction interfere with chemotherapy?
• Will reconstruction interfere with radiation therapy?
• How long will the implant last?
• What kinds of changes to the breast can I expect over time?
• How will aging affect the reconstructed breast?
• What happens if I gain or lose weight?
• Are there any new reconstruction options that I should know about?

It is common to get a second opinion before having any surgery. Breast reconstruction and even mastectomy are not emergencies. It is more important for you to make the right decisions based on the correct information than to act quickly before you know all your options.

Before surgery

Planning your surgery

You can start talking about reconstruction as soon as you know you have breast cancer. You will want your breast surgeon and your plastic surgeon to work together to come up with the best possible plan for reconstruction.

After reviewing your medical history and overall health, your surgeon will explain which reconstructive options are best for you based on your age, health, body type, lifestyle, and goals. Talk with your surgeon openly about what you expect. Your surgeon should be frank with you when explaining your risks and benefits for each option.

Breast reconstruction after a mastectomy can make you feel better about how you look and renew your self-confidence. But, keep in mind that the reconstructed breast will not be a perfect match or substitute for your natural breast. If tissue from your tummy, shoulder, or buttocks will be used, those areas will also look different after surgery. Talk with your surgeon about surgical scars and changes in shape or contour. Ask where they will be, and how they will look after they heal.

If you would like to talk with someone who has had your type of surgery, ask about our Reach to Recovery program. These volunteers are trained to support people facing breast cancer, as well as those who have surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and who are thinking about breast reconstruction. Ask your doctor or nurse to refer you to a Reach to Recovery volunteer in your area, or call us at 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345).

Your surgeon should also explain the details of your surgery, including:

• the anesthesia he or she will use
• where the surgery will be done
• what to expect after surgery
• the plan for follow-up
• costs

Health insurance policies often cover most or all of the cost of reconstruction after a mastectomy. Check your policy to make sure you are covered. Also, see if there are any limits on what types of reconstruction are covered.

Make sure your insurance companies will not deny breast reconstruction costs if you have already submitted claims for an external breast prosthesis (a form that fits into your bra.)

Preparing for surgery

Your breast surgeon and your plastic surgeon should give you careful instructions on how to prepare for surgery. These will likely include:

• guidelines on eating and drinking
• tips to quit smoking
• instructions to take or avoid certain vitamins and medicines for a period of time before your surgery

Plan to have someone drive you home after your surgery and help you out for a few days.

Where your surgery will be done

Breast reconstruction often involves more than one operation. The first stage creates the breast mound. This may be done at the same time as the mastectomy or later on. It is usually done in a hospital.

Follow-up procedures, such as creating the nipple and areola, may also be done in the hospital or in an outpatient facility. This decision depends on how much surgery is needed and what your surgeon prefers, so you will need to check with the surgeon's office.

What kinds of anesthesia are used?

The first stage of reconstruction is almost always done using general anesthesia. This means you'll be given drugs to make you sleep during the surgery.

Follow-up procedures may only need a local anesthesia to make the area numb, along with a drug called a sedative, to make you drowsy. You'll be relaxed but awake, and you may feel some discomfort.

Possible risks

Almost any woman who must have her breast removed because of cancer can have reconstructive surgery. Certain risks go along with any surgery, and reconstruction may have certain unique problems for some people.

Some risks of reconstruction surgery are:

• bleeding
• fluid build-up with swelling and pain
• growth of scar tissue
• infection
• tissue death (necrosis) of all or part of the flap, skin, or fat
• problems at the donor site (this can happen right away and later on)
• loss of or changes in nipple and breast sensation
• fatigue
• the need for more surgery to correct problems
• changes in the affected arm
• problems with anesthesia

Risks of smoking

Using tobacco causes the blood vessels to tighten (constrict) and reduces the supply of nutrients and oxygen to tissues. As with any surgery, smoking can delay healing. This can result in more noticeable scars and a longer recovery time. Sometimes these complications are severe enough to require a second operation. You may be asked to quit smoking before surgery to reduce these risks.

Risks of infection

Infection can develop with any surgery, usually in the first 2 weeks after surgery. If an implant has been used, it may have to be removed until the infection clears. A new implant can be put in later. If you have a tissue flap, surgery may be needed to clean the wound.

Risks of capsular contracture

The most common problem with breast implants is capsular contracture. This happens when the scar or capsule around the implant tightens and starts to squeeze down on the soft implant. It can make the breast feel very hard. Capsular contracture can be treated in several ways. Sometimes surgery can remove the scar tissue,or the implant may be removed or replaced.

After breast reconstruction surgery

What to expect

You are likely to feel tired and sore for a week or two after implants, and longer after flap procedures. Your doctor can give you medicines to control pain and other discomfort.

Depending on the type of surgery, you should go home from the hospital in 1 to 6 days. You may be discharged with a surgical drain in place. The drain is an open tube that is left in place to remove extra fluid from the site while it heals. Follow your doctor’s instructions on wound and drain care. If you have any concerns or questions, call your doctor.

Getting back to normal

You should be up and around in 6 to 8 weeks. If implants are used without flaps, your recovery time may be shorter. Some things to remember:

• Reconstruction does not restore normal sensation to your breast, but some feeling may return.

• It may take as long as 1 to 2 years for tissues to completely heal and for scars to fade, but the scars never totally go away.

• Follow your surgeon's advice on when to begin stretching exercises and normal activities. As a rule, you'll want to avoid any overhead lifting, strenuous sports, and sex for 4 to 6 weeks after reconstruction.

• Women who have reconstruction months or years after a mastectomy may go through a period of emotional readjustment once they have their breast reconstructed. Just as it takes time to get used to the loss of a breast, you may feel anxious and confused as you begin to think of the reconstructed breast as your own. Talking with other women who have had breast reconstruction might be helpful. Talking with a mental health professional may also help you sort out these feelings.

• Silicone gel implants may open up or leak inside the body without causing symptoms. Some surgeons will recommend that and MRI of the implant be done on occasion to make sure it isn't leaking.

For more information on coping after cancer, see After Diagnosis: A Guide for Patients and Families and Sexuality for the Woman Who Has Cancer and her Partner. You can have these documents sent to you by calling 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345).

Can breast reconstruction hide cancer, or cause it to come back?

Studies show that reconstruction does not make breast cancer come back. If your cancer comes back, reconstructed breasts should not cause problems with chemotherapy or radiation treatment .

If you are thinking about breast reconstruction, either with an implant or flap, you need to know that reconstruction rarely, if ever, hides a return of breast cancer. You should not consider this a significant risk when deciding to have breast reconstruction after mastectomy.

Talk to your doctors about mammograms

It is important to have regularly scheduled mammograms on your other breast at a facility with technologists experienced in taking and reading mammograms. If you need a mammogram of the reconstructed breast and your reconstruction involves an implant, be sure to get your mammograms done at an accredited facility with technologists trained in moving the implant to get the best possible images of the rest of the breast. Pictures can sometimes be impaired by implants, more so by silicone than saline-filled.

Mammograms can be done with tissue flap breast reconstructions. However, reconstructed breasts can have a fatty appearance; surgical clips and surgical scars may be visible on the mammogram, but abnormalities can also be seen. Discuss this with your plastic surgeon and oncologist.

Breast self-examinations

After breast reconstruction, you may choose to keep doing breast self-examination (BSE). Check both the remaining breast and the reconstructed breast at the same time. This will help you learn what is normal for you so that you can find any changes in the future. The reconstructed breast will feel different. The remaining breast may change, too, even if no surgery was done there. Your doctor or nurse can help you understand what is normal so that you can notice and report any changes as quickly as possible. To learn how to do breast self-examination after mastectomy, ask your doctor or nurse, call us, or see our document, Breast Cancer: Early Detection.

Our Reach to Recovery program

Reach to Recovery is an American Cancer Society volunteer visitation program. Breast cancer survivors are trained to respond to you and your family’s concerns when you face the diagnosis, treatment, and effects of breast cancer.

In many locations, trained Reach to Recovery volunteer visitors who have had breast reconstruction can visit with you if you are thinking about this type of surgery. These visits are always free of charge.

To request a Reach to Recovery visit, ask your doctor or nurse for a referral, call us, or use the "Contact Us" button at www.cancer.org.

Glossary

Alternative breast implants: implants that have different shells and are filled with different materials. These are still being studied in clinical trials.

Anesthesia: the loss of feeling or sensation caused by drugs or gases. General anesthesia causes loss of consciousness (it puts you into a deep sleep). Local or regional anesthesia numbs only a certain area.

Areola: the darker area surrounding the nipple

Breast conservation surgery: surgery to remove a breast cancer and a small area of normal tissue around the cancer without removing any other part of the breast. The lymph nodes under the arm may be removed, and radiation therapy is often given after the surgery. This method is also called lumpectomy, segmental excision, limited breast surgery, or partial or segmental mastectomy.

Breast implant: a sac used to increase breast size or restore the contour of a breast after mastectomy. The sac is filled with sterile saltwater (saline) or silicone gel.

Breast reconstruction: surgery that rebuilds the breast contour or shape after mastectomy. A breast implant or the woman's own tissue is used. If desired, the nipple and areola may also be recreated. Reconstruction can be done at the time of mastectomy or any time later.

Capsular contracture: scar tissue formation around the implant that tightens and squeezes the implant. There are 4 grades of contracture (Grades I-IV) that range from normal and soft to hard, painful, and distorted.

Clinical trials: studies of new treatments in patients. They are only done when there is reason to believe that the treatment being studied may be of value to patients.

Delayed-immediate reconstruction: see two-stage reconstruction.

Delayed reconstruction: reconstructive surgery that is done at a later time, not at the time of the original mastectomy surgery

DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator) flap: a type of flap procedure that uses fat and skin from the same area as in the TRAM flap, but does not use the muscle to form the breast mound

Free flap: in this kind of surgery the tissue for reconstruction is moved entirely from another area of the body and the blood and nerve supplies are surgically reattached with special microscopes

Gluteal free flap: a newer type of flap procedure that uses tissue and gluteal muscle from the buttocks to create the breast shape

General anesthesia: drugs or gases that put you into a deep sleep

Immediate reconstruction: see one-stage immediate breast reconstruction

Latissimus dorsi flap: this procedure tunnels muscle, fat, and skin from the upper back to the chest to create a breast mound

Local anesthesia: a way to numb only the part of the body undergoing a procedure or surgery so that a patient is more comfortable; the patient generally stays awake

Lumpectomy: surgery that removes only the breast lump and a margin of normal tissue around it

Mastectomy: surgical removal of the part or all of the breast, and sometimes other tissue. See also segmental mastectomy

Microsurgery or microvascular surgery: procedure that uses microscopes and fine surgical instruments to reattach the blood and nerve supply to tissues that have been removed from another area

Necrosis: cell and tissue death from lack of blood supply to the tissue

Nipple-sparing mastectomy: procedure that allows the nipple, areola, and much of the breast skin to be preserved during mastectomy to make reconstruction easier. It is mostly used in patients with small, early-stage breast cancer that is located away from the nipple area. A one-time dose of radiation is sometimes used on the nipple tissue to reduce the risk of hidden cancer cells.

One-stage immediate breast reconstruction (also called immediate reconstruction): reconstructive surgery that is done at the same time as the mastectomy, when the entire breast is removed.

Pedicle flap: tissue that is surgically removed, but the blood vessels remain attached and are tunneled from the original site to the area where the tissue is to be attached

Saline-filled implant: has a silicone shell and is filled with sterile saline (salt water)

Segmental mastectomy: surgery that removes more breast tissue than a lumpectomy (up to one-quarter of the breast). Also called partial mastectomy or quadrantectomy

Silicone gel-filled implants: breast implants filled with a man-made material. Because of its flexibility, strength, and texture, it is much like the natural breast. Silicone gel breast implants are now available for women who have had breast cancer surgery, but they will need additional follow-up to watch for possible rupture of the implant.

Tissue expander: implanted, inflatable balloons under the skin are used to keep living tissues under tension. This causes new cells to form and the amount of tissue to increase. The surgeon puts the balloon expander beneath the skin where the breast should be and periodically, over weeks or months, injects a saline solution to slowly expand the overlaying skin to create space for an implant.

Tissue flap reconstruction: tissue for reconstruction that is surgically removed from another area of the body. It can be a pedicle (left attached to its base and then tunneled) or free flap (cut free from its base and transplanted to the chest).

Transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap: a procedure that uses tissue and muscle from the lower tummy wall to reconstruct a breast mound. It can be a pedicle (left attached to its base and then tunneled) or free flap (cut free from its base and transplanted to the chest).

Two-stage reconstruction or two-stage delayed reconstruction: a two-step procedure that is done if your skin and chest wall tissues are tight and flat. A tissue expander is placed beneath the skin and chest muscle. It is like a balloon that gradually over time is filled with saline. It is surgically replaced with an implant when it expands to full size. This is sometimes called a delayed-immediate reconstruction, because the expander can be placed when the mastectomy is done, but filling it can be delayed until radiation or other treatment is completed.

Additional resources

More information from your American Cancer Society

We have selected some related information that may also be helpful to you. These materials may be ordered from our toll-free number, 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345).

• After Diagnosis: A Guide for Patients and Families (also available in Spanish)

• Breast Cancer (also available in Spanish)

• Breast Cancer: Early Detection (also available in Spanish)

• Breast Prostheses and Hair Accessories List

• Reach To Recovery

• Sexuality and Cancer: For the Woman Who Has Cancer and Her Partner (also available in Spanish)

National organizations and Web sites*

In addition to the American Cancer Society, other sources of patient information and support include:

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)
Web site: www.plasticsurgery.org
Information about breast reconstruction and referral to a board certified plastic surgeon through Web site.

Breast Cancer Network of Strength (formerly Y-Me National Breast Cancer Organization)
Toll-free number: 1-800-221-2141
Spanish toll-free number: 1-800-986-9505
Web site: www.networkofstrength.org
Materials and services include:

• a national hotline staffed by trained peer counselors 24 hours a day who are breast cancer survivors (male and female)
• Men’s Match Program, which matches men with other men who are supporting a wife or family member who has breast cancer
• materials about breast health (including fibrocystic breast changes) and breast cancer
• monthly educational and support meetings throughout the country
• information on comprehensive breast centers and treatment and research hospitals
• referral to support groups nationwide
• wig and prostheses bank

Food and Drug Administration Consumer Information Line
Toll-free number: 1-888-463-6332 (1-888-INFO-FDA)
Web site: www.fda.gov or www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/
Information on breast implants.

National Cancer Institute
Toll-free number: 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)
TYY: 1-800-332-8615
Web site: www.cancer.gov or www.clinicaltrials.gov
Information on clinical trials and patient educational materials.

Self-Help for Women with Breast or Ovarian Cancer (SHARE)
Toll-free number: 1-866-891-2392
Web site: www.sharecancersupport.org
SHARE operates 3 hotlines for anyone who has a concern about breast or ovarian cancer (the third is for Spanish callers). Hotline volunteers are breast or ovarian cancer survivors.

*Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society.

No matter who you are, we can help. Contact us anytime, day or night, for information and support. Call us at 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345) or visit www.cancer.org.

References

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Last Medical Review: 09/30/2008
Last Revised: 09/30/2008