Immunotherapy is the use of medicines to help a person’s own immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. This type of treatment is sometimes used to treat bladder cancer.
These treatments are put directly into the bladder. They are used mainly for early-stage bladder cancers that haven’t grown deeply into the wall of the bladder.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a type of bacteria related to the one that causes tuberculosis. While it doesn’t usually cause a person to get sick, it can help trigger an immune response. BCG can be put right into the bladder as a liquid. This activates immune system cells in the bladder, which then attack the bladder cancer cells.
Nadofaragene firadenovec (Adstiladrin) is made up of a virus that contains the gene to make interferon alfa-2b, an important immune system protein. When the virus is put into the bladder as part of a liquid, it delivers the gene into the cells lining the bladder wall. The cells then start making extra interferon alfa-2b, which helps the body’s immune system attack the cancer cells.
For more details on these treatments, see Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer.
An important part of the immune system is its ability to keep itself from attacking normal cells in the body. To do this, it uses “checkpoint” proteins on immune cells that need to be turned on (or off) to start an immune response.
Cancer cells sometimes use these checkpoints to keep from being attacked by the immune system. But newer drugs that target these checkpoints, called checkpoint inhibitors, can help restore the immune response against cancer cells.
Avelumab (Bavencio) targets PD-L1, a protein on cells (including some cancer cells) that helps keep the immune system from attacking them. By blocking PD-L1, this drug boosts the immune system's response against the cancer cells. This can shrink some tumors or slow their growth.
Nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda) target PD-1, a protein on certain immune cells (called T cells) that normally helps keep these cells from attacking other cells in the body. Blocking PD-1 can allow the immune system to attack the cancer cells, which can shrink some tumors or slow their growth.
These drugs can be used in different situations to treat bladder cancer. For example:
These drugs are given as intravenous (IV) infusions, usually every 2 to 6 weeks, depending on the drug.
Side effects of these drugs can include:
Less often, more serious side effects can occur:
Infusion reactions: Some people might have an infusion reaction while getting one of these drugs. This is like an allergic reaction, and can include fever, chills, flushing of the face, rash, itchy skin, feeling dizzy, wheezing, and trouble breathing. It’s important to tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any of these symptoms while getting one of these drugs.
Autoimmune reactions: These drugs work by basically removing one of the safeguards on the body’s immune system. Sometimes the immune system starts attacking other parts of the body, which can cause serious or even life-threatening problems in the lungs, intestines, liver, hormone-making glands, or other organs.
It’s very important to report any new side effects to your health care team right away. If serious side effects do occur, treatment may need to be stopped and you may get high doses of steroids to suppress your immune system.
Antibodies are proteins made by your immune system to help fight infections. Man-made versions, called monoclonal antibodies, can be designed to attach to a specific target, such as a protein on the surface of bladder cancer cells.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies that are linked to chemo drugs. Once inside the body, the antibody part of the ADC acts like a homing device, bringing the chemo directly to the cancer cells.
Bladder cancer cells usually have the Nectin-4 protein on their surface. Enfortumab vedotin is an anti-Nectin-4 antibody attached to a chemo drug. The antibody part brings the chemo drug to the bladder cancer cells with Nectin-4 on them. The chemo enters the cancer cells and kills them.
This drug can be used by itself to treat people with advanced bladder cancer who:
It can also be used along with the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab (see above) in people with advanced bladder cancer who can’t get cisplatin for some reason.
Enfortumab vedotin is infused into a vein (IV), typically once a week for 2 or 3 weeks, followed by a week off.
Common side effects include fatigue, peripheral neuropathy (a type of nerve damage that can lead to numbness or tingling in the hands or feet), nausea, taste changes, decreased appetite, diarrhea, rash, hair loss, dry eyes or vision changes, dry skin, itching, and high blood sugar levels.
Less common but more serious side effects can include severe skin reactions, inflammation (swelling) in the lungs, and very high blood sugar levels.
In this ADC, the monoclonal antibody part attaches to the Trop-2 protein on bladder cancer cells and brings the chemo directly to them. (Some bladder cancer cells have too much Trop-2, which helps them grow and spread.)
This ADC can be used in people with advanced bladder cancer who have already been treated with a platinum chemo drug (such as cisplatin) and immunotherapy (specifically, a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor).
This drug is infused into a vein (IV) once a week for two weeks, followed by one week off, then restarted.
Some common side effects of this drug include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, feeling tired, rash, loss of appetite, hair loss, low red blood cell counts, and belly pain.
More serious side effects can include very low white blood cell counts (with increased risk of infection) and severe diarrhea, as well as reactions when the drug is infused. Medications to lower the chances of an allergic reaction are normally given before treatment with this drug.
To learn more about how drugs that work on the immune system are used to treat cancer, see Cancer Immunotherapy.
To learn about some of the side effects listed here and how to manage them, see Managing Cancer-related Side Effects.
The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team
Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing.
Ingersoll MA, Li X, Inman BA, et al. Immunology, Immunotherapy, and Translating Basic Science into the Clinic for Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer. 2018;4(4):429-440.
National Cancer Institute. Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. November 16, 2018. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq on January 18, 2019.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®), Bladder Cancer, Version 5.2018 -- July 3, 2018. Accessed at www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bladder.pdf on January 18, 2019.
Petrylak DP, Balar AV, O'Donnell PH, McGregor BA, Heath EI, Yu EY, et al. EV-201: Results of enfortumab vedotin monotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer previously treated with platinum and immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37:18_suppl, 4505-4505.
Tripathi A, Plimack ER. Immunotherapy for Urothelial Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Curr Urol Rep. 2018;19(12):109.
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Last Revised: April 4, 2023
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