Can Testicular Cancer Be Found Early?

Most testicular cancers can be found at an early stage, when they're small and haven't spread. Most of the time, a lump on the testicle is the first symptom. Sometimes, the testicle might be swollen or larger than normal. However, some testicular cancers might not cause symptoms until they've spread outside the testicles.

Testicular self-exam

Some doctors recommend that all men examine their testicles monthly after puberty. Each man has to decide for himself whether to do this, so instructions for testicular exams are included in this section.

Who should do the self-exam

If you have certain risk factors that increase your chance of developing testicular cancer (such as an undescended testicle, a previous germ cell tumor in one testicle, or a family history), you should seriously consider monthly self-exams and talk about it with your doctor. Most doctors agree that examining a man’s testicles should be part of a general physical exam during a routine check-up as well.

The American Cancer Society advises men to be aware of testicular cancer and to see a doctor right away if they find a lump in a testicle. Because regular testicular self-exams have not been studied enough to know if they reduce the death rate from this cancer, the ACS does not have a recommendation on regular testicular self-exams for all men.

How to do the self-exam

The best time for you to examine your testicles is during or after a bath or shower, when the skin of the scrotum is relaxed.

• Hold your penis out of the way and examine each testicle separately.
• Hold your testicle between your thumbs and fingers with both hands and roll it gently.
• Look and feel for any hard lumps or nodules (smooth, rounded masses) or any changes in the size, shape, or consistency of your testicles.

Considerations

It’s normal for one testicle to be slightly larger than the other, and for one to hang lower than the other. Each normal testicle has a small, coiled tube called the epididymis that can feel like a small bump on the upper or middle outer side of the testis. Normal testicles also contain blood vessels, supporting tissues, and tubes that carry sperm, which some men may confuse with abnormal lumps. If you have any concerns, ask your doctor.

A testicle can get larger for many reasons other than cancer. For example, fluid can collect around the testicle to form a hydrocele. Or, the veins in the testicle can dilate, causing enlargement and lumpiness called a varicocele. If your testicle seems larger, have a doctor examine you to be sure you have one of these conditions and not a tumor. The doctor may order an ultrasound exam, which is an easy and painless way of finding a tumor.

If you choose to examine your testicles regularly, you will get to know what's normal and what's different. Always report any changes to your doctor without delay.