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Aromatase Inhibitors for Lowering Breast Cancer Risk
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are drugs used to lower breast cancer risk in some post-menopausal women. For post-menopausal women with a higher-than-average risk of breast cancer, these drugs may be an option instead of tamoxifen or raloxifene.
What are aromatase inhibitors?
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) lower estrogen levels by stopping an enzyme in fat tissue (called aromatase) from changing other hormones into estrogen. (Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells.)
These drugs don’t stop the ovaries from making estrogen. They only lower estrogen levels in women whose ovaries aren’t making estrogen (such as women who have already gone through menopause). Because of this, they are used mainly in women who have gone through menopause already.
The AIs that have been shown in studies to lower breast cancer risk include:
- Anastrozole (Arimidex)
- Exemestane (Aromasin)
Like tamoxifen, these drugs are more often used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer than to lower breast cancer risk.
When used to lower breast cancer risk, these drugs are typically taken for 5 years. They are pills taken once a day.
Can aromatase inhibitors lower the risk of breast cancer?
In large studies, both anastrozole and exemestane have been shown to lower breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women who are at increased risk.
While these drugs are not FDA approved to lower breast cancer risk, some expert groups include them as options (along with tamoxifen and raloxifene) to reduce breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women at increased risk. For example, they might be a reasonable option for women who have an increased risk of blood clots and therefore should not take tamoxifen or raloxifene.
What are the risks and side effects of aromatase inhibitors?
The most common side effects of AIs are symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness.
These drugs can also cause muscle and joint pain. This side effect can be serious enough to cause some women to stop taking the drugs.
Unlike tamoxifen and raloxifene, AIs tend to speed up bone thinning, which can lead to osteoporosis. People with osteoporosis are more likely to have broken bones. Because of this, doctors often recommend checking bone density before starting one of these drugs.
AIs may raise cholesterol. Women with pre-existing heart disease who take an AI may be at higher risk of having a heart problem.
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- References
The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team
Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as editors and translators with extensive experience in medical writing.
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): An international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:1041-1048.
Goss PE, Ingle JN, Alés-Martínez JE, et al. Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(25):2381−2391.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer Risk Reduction. V.1.2021. Accessed at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast_risk.pdf on September 23, 2021.
Nelson HD, Fu R, Zakher B, Pappas M, McDonagh M. Medication use for the risk reduction of primary breast cancer in women: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019;322(9):868-886.
Sharma P. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer prevention. UpToDate. 2021. Accessed at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-and-aromatase-inhibitors-for-breast-cancer-prevention on September 13, 2021.
US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Medication use to reduce risk of breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019;322(9):857-867.
Visvanathan K, Fabian CJ, Bantug E, et al. Use of endocrine therapy for breast cancer risk reduction: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(33):3152-3165.
Last Revised: December 16, 2021
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